Introduction
Background
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural “Virgin Lands” program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan’s northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country’s vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.
» Geography
» People
» Government
» Economy
» Communications
» Transportation
» Military
» Transnational Issues
Geography
Location
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural River in eastern-most Europe
Geographic Coordinates
48 00 N, 68 00 E
Area
total: 2,717,300 sq km; land: 2,669,800 sq km; water: 47,500 sq km
Area Comparative
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land Boundaries
total: 12,012 km; border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked); note – Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime Claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Elevation Extremes
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m; highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural Resources
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land Use
arable land: 8.28%; permanent crops: 0.05%; other: 91.67% (2005)
Irrigated Land
23,320 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural Hazards
earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
Environment – Current Issues
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment – International Agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
noteNotes
landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050
People
Population
15,233,244 (July 2006 est.)
Age Structure
0-14 years: 23% (male 1,792,685/female 1,717,294); 15-64 years: 68.8% (male 5,122,027/female 5,357,819); 65 years and over: 8.2% (male 438,541/female 804,878) (2006 est.)
Median Age
total: 28.8 years; male: 27.2 years; female: 30.5 years (2006 est.)
Population Growth Rate
0.33% (2006 est.)
Birth Rate
16 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death Rate
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net Migration Rate
-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex Ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.55 male(s)/female; total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant Mortality Rate
total: 28.3 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 32.88 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 23.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth
total population: 66.89 years; male: 61.56 years; female: 72.52 years (2006 est.)
Total Fertility Rate
1.89 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate
0.2% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS – People Living with HIV/AIDS
16,500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS – Deaths
less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality
noun: Kazakhstani(s); adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic Groups
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
Religions
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the “language of interethnic communication”) 95% (2001 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write; total population: 98.4%; male: 99.1%; female: 97.7% (1999 est.)
Government
Country Name
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan; conventional short form: Kazakhstan; local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy; local short form: none; former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Government Type
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch
Capital
Astana; note – the government moved from Almaty to Astana in December 1998
Administrative Divisions
14 provinces (oblystar, singular – oblys) and 3 cities* (qala, singular – qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz); note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050
Independence
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National Holiday
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Legal System
based on civil law system
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991); head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 19 January 2006); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2012); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president; election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote – Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 91.1%, Zharmakhan A. TUYAKBAI 6.6%, Alikhan M. BAIMENOV 1.6%; note: President NAZARBAYEV arranged a referendum in 1995 that extended his term of office and expanded his presidential powers: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative Branch
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats; 7 senators are appointed by the president; other members are elected by local government bodies, 2 from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and the city of Almaty, to serve six-year terms; note – formerly composed of 47 seats) and the Mazhilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77 Mazhilis members are elected from the winning party’s lists; members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms); elections: Senate – (indirect) last held December 2005; next to be held in 2011; Mazhilis – last held 19 September and 3 October 2004 (next to be held in September 2009); election results: Senate – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – NA; candidates nominated by local councils; Mazhilis – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – Otan 42, AIST 11, ASAR (All Together) 4, Aq Zhol (Bright Path) 1, Democratic Party 1 (party refused to take the seat due to criticism of the election and seat remained unoccupied), independent 18; note – most independent candidates are affiliated with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)
Political Parties and Leaders
Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Bloc or AIST (comprised of the Agrarian Party and Civic Party) [leader NA]; Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV, chairman]; Aq Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAIMENOV, chairman]; ASAR (All Together) [Dariga NAZARBAYEVA, chairwoman]; AUL (Village) [Gani KALIYEV, chairman]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV, first secretary]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Maksut NARIKBAEV, chairman]; Otan (Fatherland) [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV, executor]; Patriots’ Party [Gani KASYMOV, chairman]; Rukhaniyat [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA, chairwoman]
Political Pressure Groups and Leaders
Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA]; Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; For a Just Kazakhstan [Bolat ABILOV, Altynbek SARSENBAYEV]; For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV]; Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]
International Organization Participation
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic Representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat B. SAUDABAYEV; chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488; FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845; consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic Representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAY; embassy: 97 Zholdasbekova, Samal-2, Almaty, 480099; mailing address: use embassy street address; telephone: [7] (3272) 50-48-02; FAX: [7] (3272) 50-48-84
Flag Description
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a “national ornamentation” in gold
Economy
Overview
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan’s industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan’s traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 – 9% or more per year in 2002-05 – thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. The opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan’s Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. Kazakhstan also has begun work on an ambitious cooperative construction effort with China to build an oil pipeline that will extend from the country’s Caspian coast eastward to the Chinese border. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector by developing light industry. The policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel. The government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements; tensions continue. Upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2005 due to massive oil-related foreign-exchange inflows.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$133.2 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$42.75 billion (2005 est.)
GDP – real growth rate
9% (2005 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP)
$8,800 (2005 est.)
GDP – composition by sector
agriculture: 7.8%; industry: 40.4%; services: 51.8% (2005 est.)
Labor Force
7.85 million (2005 est.)
Labor Force – By Occupation
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.)
Unemployment Rate
7.6% (2005 est.)
Population Below Poverty Line
19% (2004 est.)
Household Income or Consumption by Percentage Share
lowest 10%: 3.3%; highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.)
Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index
31.5 (2003)
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
7.4% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed)
22% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget
revenues: $12.19 billion; expenditures: $12.44 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Public Debt
9.8% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture – Products
grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock
Industries
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Industrial Production Growth Rate
10.7% (2005 est.)
Electricity – Production
60.33 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity – Consumption
52.55 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity – Exports
6 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity – Imports
2.45 billion kWh (2003)
Oil – Production
1.3 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil – Consumption
221,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil – Exports
890,000 bbl/day (2003)
Oil – Imports
47,000 bbl/day (2003)
Oil – Proved Reserves
26 billion bbl (1 January 2004)
Natural Gas – Production
18.5 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural Gas – Consumption
15.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural Gas – Exports
4.1 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural Gas – Imports
NA cu m
Natural Gas – Proved Reserves
3 trillion cu m (1 January 2004)
Current Account Balance
$3.343 billion (2005 est.)
Exports
$30.09 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports – Commodities
oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)
Exports – Partners
Russia 15.1%, Bermuda 13.8%, Germany 11%, China 9.9%, France 6.6%, Italy 4% (2004)
Imports
$17.51 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports – Commodities
machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%, foodstuffs 8% (2001)
Imports – Partners
Russia 34.6%, China 15.4%, Germany 8.2%, France 5.7%, Ukraine 4.6% (2004)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold
$11.13 billion (2005 est.)
Debt – External
$32.7 billion (2005 est.)
Economic Aid – Recipient
$74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004)
Currency (Code)
tenge (KZT)
Exchange Rates
tenge per US dollar – 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001)
Fiscal Year
calendar year
Communications
Telephones – Main Lines in Use
2.5 million (2004)
Telephones – Mobile Cellular
2,758,900 (2004)
Telephone System
general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated; domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan; international: country code – 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations – 2 Intelsat
Radio Broadcast Stations
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
Television Broadcast Stations
12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Internet Country Code
.kz
Internet Hosts
20,327 (2005)
Internet Users
400,000 (2005)
Transportation
Airports
160 (2005)
Airports – With Paved Runways
total: 66; over 3,047 m: 9; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17; 914 to 1,523 m: 4; under 914 m: 10 (2005)
Airports – With Unpaved Runways
total: 94; over 3,047 m: 6; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12; 914 to 1,523 m: 12; under 914 m: 58 (2005)
Heliports
4 (2005)
Pipelines
condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined products 1,187 km (2004)
Railways
total: 13,700 km; broad gauge: 13,700 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2004)
Roadways
total: 354,171 km; paved: 247,347 km; unpaved: 106,824 km (2003)
Waterways
4,000 km (on the Ertis (Irtysh) (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) rivers) (2005)
Merchant Marine
total: 5 ships (1000 GRT or over) 19,949 GRT/31,115 DWT; by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1; foreign-owned: 2 (Oman 2); registered in other countries: 1 (Marshall Islands 1) (2005)
Ports and Terminals
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur’yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Military
Military Branches
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force, Republican Guard
Military Service Age and Obligation
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation – two years; minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)
Manpower Available for Military Service
males age 18-49: 3,758,255 (2005 est.)
Manpower Fit for Military Service
males age 18-49: 2,473,529 (2005 est.)
Manpower Reaching Military Service Age Annually
males: 173,129 (2005 est.)
Military Expenditures – Dollar Figure
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Military Expenditures – Percent of GDP
0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Transnational Issues
Disputes – International
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
refugees (country of origin): 13,684 (Russia) (2005)
Illicit Drugs
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe